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Besoins et composition corporelle

Cachexia

Cachexia is a pathological wasting condition causing severe loss of muscle mass and body weight in chronic diseases.

Definition

Cachexia is a severe wasting syndrome characterized by involuntary loss of body weight, muscle mass, and fat reserves, often associated with chronic diseases. It results from metabolic dysfunction and insufficient nutrient intake relative to increased energy expenditure.

How it works

Cachexia differs from simple malnutrition or weight loss because it involves complex metabolic changes including increased inflammation, altered hormone levels, and accelerated protein breakdown. The body loses primarily lean muscle mass rather than fat, which distinguishes it from starvation. This condition commonly occurs in cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, HIV/AIDS, and severe infections. The metabolic rate is often elevated despite reduced food intake, creating a paradoxical energy deficit. Early intervention with adequate nutrition, protein intake, and medical management is crucial to slow progression.

Role

Cachexia impairs physical function, immune response, and survival outcomes by depleting essential body tissues needed for vital physiological processes.

Examples

  • Cancer cachexia in advanced malignancy
  • Cardiac cachexia in heart failure
  • AIDS wasting syndrome
  • COPD-related muscle loss
  • Cachexia in chronic kidney disease

Recommendations

Increase protein intake to 1.2-1.5g per kilogram of body weight daily to combat muscle loss. Provide frequent, nutrient-dense meals and consider oral nutritional supplements or enteral feeding if oral intake is insufficient. Combine nutritional support with appropriate medical treatment of the underlying condition and resistance exercise when possible.

Key takeaway

Cachexia requires aggressive nutritional intervention combined with disease management, as it severely impacts survival and quality of life.

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