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Nutritional Assessment

Body Composition

Distribution of fat, muscle, bone, and water in the body.

Definition

Body composition describes the distribution of different body compartments: fat mass, lean mass (muscle, organs, water), bone mass, and total body water.

How it works

Body composition is assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, reference), skinfold measurements, or hydrodensitometry. It is more informative than body weight or BMI alone. A 'normal weight' may mask sarcopenic obesity (too much fat, too little muscle).

Role

Precisely evaluate nutritional status and metabolic risks beyond weight.

Examples

  • Impedance: 15% body fat in men (ideal) vs 25% (metabolic obesity)
  • DEXA: gold standard

Recommendations

BIA is accessible and sufficient in routine practice. Measure fasting, with stable hydration.

Key takeaway

Weight alone is meaningless — body composition reveals the true nutritional status.

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