Celiac Disease

Definition

Celiac disease is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals. It leads to villous atrophy of the small intestine.

How it works

Gluten (wheat, rye, barley protein) triggers an immune reaction that destroys intestinal villi. This causes global malabsorption: iron, calcium, fat-soluble vitamins, B12. The only treatment is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet. Not to be confused with non-celiac gluten sensitivity.

Role

Severe intestinal malabsorption leading to multiple deficiencies, osteoporosis, anemia, and increased risk of intestinal lymphoma.

Examples

• Chronic diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain
• Anti-transglutaminase antibodies positive
• Duodenal biopsy

Recommendations

Strict and permanent gluten-free diet. Initial supplementation with iron, calcium, folate, and vitamin D.

Key takeaway

Undiagnosed celiac disease exposes patients to multiple deficiencies and increases the risk of intestinal lymphoma.

Related terms