ATP

Definition

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the universal energy currency of cells. All biological reactions that require energy use ATP as a direct source.

How it works

ATP is produced by three pathways: glycolysis (anaerobic, rapid, inefficient), mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic, efficient — 30-32 ATP per glucose), and the pentose pathway. Mitochondria are the 'ATP factories'. Regular physical exercise increases the number and efficiency of mitochondria.

Role

Provide directly usable energy for all cellular reactions.

Examples

• Muscle contraction
• Protein synthesis
• Active transport
• Thermoregulation

Recommendations

Regular physical activity improves mitochondrial capacity to produce ATP — directly related to vital energy.

Key takeaway

Without ATP, no cellular function is possible — it is the point of convergence of all energy metabolism.

Related terms