Pancreas

Definition

The pancreas is a dual-function gland: exocrine (secretion of digestive enzymes into the intestine) and endocrine (secretion of insulin and glucagon into the blood to regulate blood sugar).

How it works

The exocrine pancreas secretes amylase (carbohydrates), lipases (lipids), and proteases (proteins) into the duodenum. The endocrine pancreas contains the islets of Langerhans: beta cells (insulin), alpha cells (glucagon), and delta cells (somatostatin). Pancreatitis (inflammation) can be triggered by alcohol or gallstones.

Role

Digestion of the three macronutrients and regulation of blood glucose.

Examples

• Acute pancreatitis: intense girdle-like pain
• Pancreatic insufficiency: fat malabsorption
• Type 1 diabetes: destruction of beta cells

Recommendations

Limit alcohol consumption and avoid very fatty meals to protect the pancreas.

Key takeaway

The pancreas sits at the intersection of digestion and carbohydrate metabolism — alcohol is its primary enemy.

Related terms