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Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress

Free Radical

Free radicals are unstable molecules that damage cells by stealing electrons.

Definition

An unstable molecule with an unpaired electron that seeks to stabilize itself by damaging other molecules. Free radicals are generated during normal metabolism and from environmental exposure.

How it works

Free radicals are atoms or molecules with an unpaired electron in their outer shell, making them highly reactive and unstable. They continuously search for electrons to pair with, causing damage to cell membranes, proteins, and DNA in the process. While the body produces free radicals naturally during energy production and immune defense, excess production from smoking, radiation, and pollution overwhelms antioxidant defenses. This excess leads to the oxidative damage associated with aging and disease.

Role

Initiates chain reactions of cellular damage through electron theft and molecular degradation.

Examples

  • Superoxide radicals
  • Hydroxyl radicals
  • Peroxyl radicals
  • Nitric oxide radicals
  • Singlet oxygen

Recommendations

Consume foods rich in antioxidants to neutralize free radicals. Avoid smoking and excessive sun exposure. Exercise moderately to support natural antioxidant production.

Key takeaway

While some free radicals are necessary, excess levels require antioxidant defense.

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